[CCMC 14126-R] CCMC Canadian code compliance evaluation
From: National Research Council Canada

CCMC number: | 14126-R |
Status: | Active |
Issue date: | 2019-05-30 |
Modified date: | 2022-11-17 |
Evaluation holder: | BASF Canada Inc.
10 Constellation Court |
Product names: |
|
Code compliance: | NBC 2010, NBC 2015, OBC |
Evaluation requirements: |
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In most jurisdictions this document is sufficient evidence for approval by Canadian authorities.
Learn more about CCMC recognition Look for the trusted CCMC mark on products to verify compliance.Code compliance opinion
It is the opinion of the Canadian Construction Materials Centre that the evaluated products, when used as an air barrier system for exterior walls in accordance with the conditions and limitations stated in this evaluation, comply with the following codes:
National Building Code of Canada 2015
ID | Code provision | Solution type |
---|---|---|
09-25-03-01-00-0-00 | 9.25.3.1. Required Barrier to Air Leakage | Acceptable |
09-25-03-02-01-0-00 | 9.25.3.2.(1) Air Barrier System Properties (effective barrier to air infiltration and exfiltration) | Acceptable |
09-25-03-02-02-0-00 | 9.25.3.2.(2) Air Barrier Systems Properties (alternative to 6-mil polyethylene air barrier) | Alternative |
09-25-03-03-00-0-00 | 9.25.3.3. Continuity of the Air Barrier System | Acceptable |
09-36-02-09-01-b-00 | 9.36.2.9.(1)(b) Airtightness (exterior walls only) | Acceptable |
National Building Code of Canada 2010
ID | Code provision | Solution type |
---|---|---|
09-25-03-01-00-0-00 | 9.25.3.1. Required Barrier to Air Leakage | Acceptable |
09-25-03-02-00-0-00 | 9.25.3.2.(1) Air barrier systems shall possess the ch ... | Acceptable |
09-25-03-02-00-0-00 | 9.25.3.2.(2) Where polyethylene sheet is used to prov ... | Alternative |
09-25-03-03-00-0-00 | 9.25.3.3. Continuity of the Air Barrier System | Acceptable |
09-36-02-09-00-0-00 | 9.36.2.9. Airtightness | Acceptable |
Ontario Building Code
Ruling No. 21-02-365 (14126-R) authorizing the use of this product in Ontario, subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Ruling, was made by the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing on 2021-04-12 pursuant to s.29 of the Building Code Act, 1992 (see Ruling for terms and conditions). This Ruling is subject to periodic revisions and updates.
The above opinion is based on the evaluation by the CCMC of technical evidence provided by the evaluation holder, and is bound by the stated conditions and limitations. For the benefit of the user, a summary of the technical information that forms the basis of this evaluation has been included.
Product information
Product names
- BASF HP+™ XR - Air Barrier System
- BASF HP+™ XR-S Series - Air Barrier System
Product description
This evaluation addresses the performance of HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System as a proprietary ABS designated by BASF Canada Inc.
General description of the assemblies
- HP+™ XR Series: WALLTITE® CM01 polyurethane foam sprayed between wood studs (installed at 406 mm (16 in.) o.c. and 609 mm (24 in.) o.c.) and over metal or wood girts supporting Neopor® Graphite Polystyrene (GPS) board. Figure 1 and Figure 2 in Air barrier system details show the assembly with horizontal metal girts and Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the assembly with horizontal wood girts.
- HP+™ XR-S Series: the same wall assembly as HP+™ XR Series with the exception of a 12.5-mm-thick (½ in.) plywood or OSB sheathing installed between the wood studs, the horizontal girts and the Neopor® Graphite Polystyrene (GPS) board. The “S” designation stands for seismic, however, the seismic performance evaluation is beyond the scope of this evaluation.
Principle material and accessories
Principle material in the plane of airtightness
- WALLTITE® CM01 (CCMC 14100-L) spray-applied, polyurethane foam insulation by BASF Canada Inc.
When installed as part of the designated ABS, WALLTITE® CM01 spray-applied polyurethane foam serves a double function in the wall assembly:- as the principal plane of airtightness of the designated ABS; and
- as a thermal insulation.
- Elastospray® 8000A isocyanate; and
- a polyurethane resin identified as WALLTITE® CM01.
Accessories for continuity of the ABS
- transition membrane at frame rough openings (see Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 in Air barrier system details)Footnote (1):
- 3M™ Air and Vapour Barrier 3015, a proprietary elastomeric flashing with acrylic adhesive manufactured by 3M Canada Company; or
- HP+™ Flash, a one-component elastomeric liquid-flashing membrane manufactured by BASF used in conjunction with Tyvek® HomeWrap™ breather type sheathing membrane (CCMC 12808-R).
- sealant: (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Air barrier system details):
- MasterSeal® NP1™, a one-component elastomeric polyurethane sealant manufactured by BASF, for use on the exterior side of the wood frame along the horizontal joint between:
- the sill plate and rim board;
- the rim board and subfloor;
- the subfloor and bottom plate;
- the bottom plate and 38 × 140 studs; and
- the top plates.
- the studs;
- the header lumbers; and
- at corners of the window/door rough frame opening.
- MasterSeal® NP1™, a one-component elastomeric polyurethane sealant manufactured by BASF, for use on the exterior side of the wood frame along the horizontal joint between:
Component for wind load resistanceFootnote (2)
- in the HP+™ XR Series: Neopor® Graphite Polystyrene (GPS)Footnote (3), a moulded expanded polystyrene board with bead technology manufactured by BASF used as a backing for the installation of WALLTITE® CM01.
- in the HP+™ XR-S Series: 12.5-mm-thick (½ in.) plywood or OSB sheathing used as a backing for the installation of WALLTITE® CM01.eturn to footnotreferrerReturn to footnote
Manufacturing plants
This evaluation is limited to products produced at the following plants:
Product names | Manufacturing plants | |
---|---|---|
Blackie, AB, CA | Toronto, ON, CA | |
BASF HP+™ XR - Air Barrier System | Product evaluated by the CCMC | Product evaluated by the CCMC |
BASF HP+™ XR-S Series - Air Barrier System | Product evaluated by the CCMC | Product evaluated by the CCMC |
Product evaluated by the CCMC Indicates that the product from this manufacturing facility has been evaluated by the CCMC
Conditions and limitations
The CCMC’s compliance opinion is bound by this product being used in accordance with the conditions and limitations set out below.
Air barrier system
The durability assessment of WALLTITE® CM01 (the principal material of the ABS) has demonstrated sufficiently low air permeance at a thickness of 25.4 mm and a minimum field density of 39 kg/m3 (also called in-place density), which meets the intent of Subsection 9.25.3., Air Barrier Systems, of Division B of the NBC 2010 and NBC 2015 for buildings with an indoor relative humidity (RH) of 35% or less. For buildings with a higher RH (e.g., swimming pools and museums), additional assessment is required in accordance with Part 5, Environmental Separation, of Division B of the NBC 2010 and NBC 2015.
The evaluation of HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System is limited to wood-frame construction meeting the requirements of Part 9, Housing and Small Buildings, of Division B of the NBC 2010 and NBC 2015. The air leakage rate of the tested wall assemblies, following structural aging, met the rating A1 (less than 0.05 L/(s·m2) at a pressure difference of 75 Pa) when tested in accordance with CAN/ULC-S742-11, “Air Barrier Assemblies – Specification.” The wall assemblies have demonstrated sufficient strength to resist wind loads for use in Part 9 buildings in geographical locations where the wind pressure is Q1/50 ≤ 1 000 Pa for a maximum building height of 12 m. The Q1/50 corresponds to the 1-in-50-year wind pressure return period published in Appendix C of Division B of the NBC 2010 and NBC 2015. For applicability of the ABS rating and durability of the components, in wood frame construction beyond Part 9, the stamp of an engineer is required for acceptance by the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs). See Additional data in the Technical information section of this evaluation.
For ensuring air leakage control and strength in the field, the ABS must be installed in locations where the wind pressure is equal to or lower than the aforementioned wind pressure limits and installed in the field by BASF-trained installers/contractors following the BASF Canada Inc.-specified ABS installation manual entitled HP+™ Wall System – Technical Installation Manual (revision date 8 May 2019). Additional construction details and drawings provided in the HP+™ Wall System – 3D Field Assembly Guide (version 2019-05-01) for the HP+™ XR Series and HP+™ XR-S Series must also be followed. Additional field installation requirements are described below in the sections "Air barrier system - field quality assurance" and "Thermal insulation - field quality assurance". A copy of the BASF Canada Inc. installation instructions must be available on the job site at all times during the installation for review by building officials. All installers of WALLTITE® CM01 must present their Caliber certification card upon request by the building official.
See Air barrier system details of this evaluation for examples of the tested wall assemblies.
The product must be identified with the manufacturer’s name and logo, and the phrase “CCMC 14126-R.”
Air barrier system – field quality assurance
When HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System is applied as the designated ABS, BASF Canada Inc. requires that the installer be BASF Canada Inc.-trained and that Caliber conducts the necessary follow-up inspections to ensure that the certified contractors are performing the necessary field quality control (for example, quality check on the application of the transition membrane, sealant and spray foam as per CAN/ULC-S705.2-05, “Thermal Insulation – Spray Applied Rigid Polyurethane Foam, Medium Density – Application”).
Caliber conducts periodic audits to ensure:
- the approved accessories are being used;
- proper installation of the transition membrane by conducting periodic tension testing as part of the BASF Canada Inc.-specified quality control;
- proper continuity details and substrate conformance as part of the quality control procedure for the product;
- proper application of the WALLTITE® CM01 spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation; and
- the daily work records are maintained for the ABS installation.
All results must be recorded on the Caliber daily worksheet for the HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System.
Thermal insulation – field quality assurance
When WALLTITE® CM01 is applied as a spray-foam insulation, the material must be manufactured on site by qualified installers trained by BASF Canada Inc. with field inspections carried out by Caliber. Caliber certifies BASF Canada Inc.’s training program and provides follow-up inspections to ensure installations are in accordance with CAN/ULC-S705.2.
The product must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation manual. A copy of this manual must be available on the job site at all times during the installation. All installers must present their Caliber certification card and daily work record upon request by the building officials.
Note: the BASF Canada Inc. field quality assurance program calls for periodic audits of the installers. These audits usually consist of random inspections. Some larger projects are subject to mandatory inspections. Building officials may contact BASF Canada Inc. (866-474-3538) and request an inspection for a specific job site if they deem it necessary. In cases where the installation is deemed non-conforming by Caliber/BASF Canada Inc. and the non-conformance is not remedied by the installer, Caliber/BASF Canada Inc. will inform the owner/architect/building official of the non-conforming installation.
See CCMC 14100-L for additional limitations on the installation of the WALLTITE® CM01 spray-foam product.
Elastospray® 8000A isocyanate and the polyurethane resin WALLTITE® CM01 must have their containers (i.e., drums) identified by the phrase “CCMC 14126-R” and “CCMC 14100-L,” respectively.
Technical information
This evaluation is based on demonstrated conformance with the following criteria:
Criteria number | Criteria name |
---|---|
CCMC-TG-072709.01-10A | CCMC Technical Guide for Air Barrier Systems for Exterior Walls of Buildings |
CCMC-TG-072709.01-15D | CCMC Technical Guide for Air Barrier Systems for Exterior Walls of Buildings |
The evaluation holder has submitted technical documentation for the CCMC’s evaluation. Testing was conducted at laboratories recognized by the CCMC. The corresponding technical evidence for this product is summarized below.
Performance requirements
The results of the air leakage tests conducted on three representative specimens (wall assemblies) are summarized below in the table "Results of testing HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System." The original full-scale wall assemblies testing was carried out with WALLTITE® v.3 as previously evaluated by CCMC. The performance resulting from these tests has been deemed applicable to WALLTITE® CM01 – Air Barrier System.
The durability test results of the ABS components are summarized below in the table "Results of durability testing of components in the HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System." WALLTITE® CM01 met the CCMC air permeance durability requirements and is deemed to be an adequate foam for the air barrier system application.
The performance of the product has been tested in accordance with the CCMC technical guide for qualification for use as an ABS.
To qualify, a confirming ABS must:
- have an acceptable low air leakage rate;
- be continuous;
- be durable;
- have sufficient strength to resist the anticipated air pressure load; and
- be buildable in the field.
Air leakage rate
Type of wall (see the first four figures in "Air barrier system details") | Air leakage requirement (ULC-S742 Classification) | Result – air leakage rate after wind loading at 75 Pa ΔP | Result – air leakage rate after wind loading at −20°C and at 75 Pa ΔP |
---|---|---|---|
HP+™ XR SeriesTable footnote (1)Table footnote (2) – metal girt | A1Table footnote (3) ≤ 0.05 L/(s·m2) | 0.020 L/(s·m2) | 0.030 L/(s·m2)Table footnote (4) |
HP+™ XR SeriesTable footnote (1)Table footnote (2) – wood girt | A1Table footnote (3) ≤ 0.05 L/(s·m2) | 0.044 L/(s·m2) | 0.047 L/(s·m2)Table footnote (4) |
HP+™ XR-S Series – metal and wood girt | A1Table footnote (3) ≤ 0.05 L/(s·m2) | See noteTable footnote (5) | See noteTable footnote (5) |
Water vapour permeance (WVP) of outermost layer of wall assembly (ng/(Pa·s·m2)) | Maximum permissible air Leakage rate of ABS (L/s·m2) @ 75 Pa ΔP |
---|---|
15 < WVP ≤ 60 | 0.05 |
60 < WVP ≤ 170 | 0.10 |
170 < WVP ≤ 800 | 0.15 |
> 800 | 0.20 |
Durability of air barrier system components
Property | Requirement | Result |
---|---|---|
Spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation – WALLTITE® CM01 by BASF Canada Inc. | Air permeance before and after aging (ASTM D 726): < 10% increase | Passed |
Spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation – WALLTITE® CM01 by BASF Canada Inc. | Thermal resistance after heat aging and weathering (ASTM C 518) 90% retention | PassedTable footnote (1) |
Transition membrane – 3M™ Air and Vapour Barrier 3015 by 3M Canada Company | Physical properties before and after aging: 85% retention | Passed |
Transition membrane – HP+™ Flash a liquid flashing by BASF used in conjunction with Tyvek® HomeWrap™ breather type sheathing membrane | Physical properties before and after aging: 85% retention | Passed |
MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant by BASF | Complies with ASTM C 920 | Passed |
Additional data
Data in this Section does not part from the CCMC's opinion in the Code compliance opinion section previously stated in this evaluation.
Air leakage
The following test data are provided for information purposes only as the CCMC opinion of the product compliance with NBC 2010 and NBC 2015 stated in this evaluation is limited to a maximum building height of 12 m for Part 9 buildings. For the applicability of the ABS rating and durability of the components, in wood frame construction beyond Part 9, the stamp of an engineer is required for acceptance by the AHJs.
The third-party testing laboratory that conducted the air leakage tests in compliance with CAN/ULC-S742 also reported the following sustained hourly wind pressure loads and corresponding building heights beyond 12 m:
- Q1/50 sustained hourly wind pressure load 0.450 kPa (450 Pa) and building height of 60 m;
- Q1/50 sustained hourly wind pressure load 0.550 kPa (550 Pa) and building height of 20 m;
- Q1/50 sustained hourly wind pressure load 0.650 kPa (650 Pa) and building height of 20 m;
- Q1/50 sustained hourly wind pressure load 0.750 kPa (750 Pa) and building height of 20 m; and
- Q1/50 sustained hourly wind pressure load 0.850 kPa (850 Pa) and building height of 20 m.
The tested wall specimens did not lose their integrity during the wind pressure loading.
Air barrier system details
Specimens tested for qualifying system detail
The first four figures below outline the original full-scale wall specimens tested with WALLTITE® v.3, which represent typical construction details to be reproduced in the field as part of the installation of BASF Canada Inc.’s proprietary HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System. The last fivefigures below depict the continuity details of the ABS at penetrations. The representative specimens tested also contained defects (e.g., Neopor® Graphite Polystyrene (GPS) defects, etc.) to verify the sensitivity of the ABS to these possible field defects and allow for tolerances. See the HP+™ Wall System – Technical Installation Manual (revision date 8 May 2019) and HP+™ Wall System – 3D Field Assembly Guide (version 2019-05-01) for complete details.
HP+™ XR Series wall system, (metal girt) opaque wall
- Horizontal section, HP+™ XR Series (metal girt)
- Vertical section, HP+™ XR Series (metal girt)
- wood stud, 38 × 89 or 38 × 140 mm (2×4 or 2×6)
- double top plates, 38 × 89 and 38 × 140 mm (2×4 and 2×6)
- bottom plate, 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- WALLTITE® SPF insulation, 63.5 mm (2.5 in.)
- Neopor® insulating sheathing, 25.4 mm (1 in.)
- hat channel girt, 20 gauge metal, 50.8 mm (2 in.)
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- measurement of 406 mm (16 in.)
HP+™ XR Series wall system, (metal girt) window and floor
- Horizontal section A-A, HP+™ XR Series (metal girt)
- Vertical section B-B, HP+™ XR Series (metal girt)
- wood stud, 38 × 89 or 38 × 140 mm (2×4 or 2×6)
- double top plates, 38 × 89 and 38 × 140 mm (2×4 and 2×6)
- bottom plate, 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- WALLTITE® SPF insulation, 63.5 mm (2.5 in.)
- Neopor® insulating sheathing, 25.4 mm (1 in.)
- hat channel girt, 20 gauge metal, 50.8 mm (2 in.)
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- window opening
- plywood subfloor
- open web floor trusses
- 38 x 89 mm (2×4) sill plate
- sill plate gasket
- concrete base 200 mm (8 in.)
- measurement of 406 mm (16 in.)
- measurement of 254 mm (10 in.)
Since a concrete base is built as part of the tested wall specimens to represent the foundation wall, a sill plate gasket was installed at the joint between the concrete base and wood sill plate to comply with Sentence 9.23.7.2.(2), Levelling and Sealing of Sill Plates, of Division B of the NBC 2010 and NBC 2015.
Masonry veneer anchors and service penetrations (various types of pipe) were introduced in the tested wall specimen HP+™ XR Series (metal girt).
HP+™ XR Series wall system, (wood girt) opaque wall
- Horizontal section, HP+™ XR Series (wood girt)
- Vertical section, HP+™ XR Series (wood girt)
- wood stud, 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- wood stud, 38 × 89 mm (2×4)
- top and bottom plates, 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- WALLTITE® SPF insulation, 63.5 mm (2.5 in.)
- Neopor® insulating sheathing, 25.4 mm (1 in.)
- plywood strips, 12.7 mm (½ in.)
- wood girt, 38 × 89 mm (2×4)
- sheathing membrane
- furring strip
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- measurement of 406 mm (16 in.)
HP+™ XR Series wall system, (wood girt) window and floor
- Horizontal section A-A, HP+™ XR Series (wood girt)
- Vertical section B-B, HP+™ XR Series (wood girt)
- wood stud, 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- wood stud, 38 × 89 mm (2×4)
- top and bottom plates, 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- WALLTITE® SPF insulation, 63.5 mm (2.5 in.)
- Neopor® insulating sheathing, 25.4 mm (1 in.)
- plywood strips, 12.7 mm (½ in.)
- wood girt, 38 × 89 mm (2×4)
- sheathing membrane
- furring strip
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- window opening
- plywood subfloor
- open web floor trusses
- 38 × 89 mm (2×4) sill plate
- sill plate gasket
- concrete base 200 mm (8 in.)
- measurement of 406 mm (16 in.)
- measurement of 254 mm (10 in.)
Masonry veneer anchors and service penetrations (various types of pipe) were introduced in the tested wall specimen HP+™ XR Series (wood girt).
HP+™ XR Series wall system, wall/window details MasterSeal Sealant (caulking) and self-adhesive membrane
- Exterior side view
- Cross-section C-C
- Cross-section D-D
- Exterior side view
- Cross-section E-E
- Cross-section F-F
- Cross-section G-G
- window opening
- 38 mm (2) by X lumber, 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood or OSB, 38 mm (2) by X lumber
- 38 × 89 mm (2×4)
- 38 × 140 mm (2×6)
- WALLTITE® SPF insulation, 63.5 mm (2.5")
- Neopor® insulation, 25.4 mm (1")
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- transition membrane
- backer rod
- window
- window perimeter sealing
Step 9A – air / water tightness of openings
- Ensure that MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant has been applied in all corners of openings
- Install air barrier and waterproofing membrane at each corner covering sealant installed in step 7
- Starting along bottom edge, install membrane around entire perimeter of openings
- Fold membrane into opening
- Install membrane along vertical edges of openings
- When required by manufactures use roller to apply pressure and seal membrane to substrate
- Install the window head flashing
- cut at each corner
- fold membrane inwards and fully cover framing members of openings
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- window head
- flashing
Step 9B - air/water tightness of openings - weather-resistive barrier option
- Install the weather-resistive barrier
- Install a self-adhesive tape along the edges of the weather-resistive barrier
- window head
- flashing
- self-adhesive tape
HP+™ XR Series wall system, wall/window details HP+™ Flash with Tyvek® HomeWrap™ breather type sheathing membrane
Step 9C – air/water tightness of openings – weather-resistive barrier + liquid membrane option
- Install the weather-resistive barrier and fold the edges at the four sides of the opening
- Apply the HP+™ flash liquid flashing membrane
- Extend the HP+™ flash liquid flashing membrane using a trowel
- Fold and fix the weather-resistive barrier towards the interior of the opening, and apply a second layer of HP+™ Flash
- Extend the HP+™ flash liquid flashing membrane using a trowel
- Install the window head flashing
- Apply the MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant on top of the window head flashing
- window head
- flashing membrane at the Neopor® wood joint
- flashing membrane on each side of the opening
- flashing membrane in the corners
- flashing
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
The transition membrane HP+™ Flash was not part of the original full-scale testing, but has demonstrated sufficient adhesion strength and durability performance to be used with HP+™ XR and XR-S Series – Air Barrier System. Other polyethylene-based membrane evaluated by the CCMC can be used in conjunction with the HP+™ Flash.
HP+™ E, X and XR Series wall system, penetration details
- E and XR series duct/pipe opening detail
- X series duct/pipe opening detail
- Elevation
- galvanized steel duct
- steel pipe
- MasterSeal® NP1™ sealant
- WALLTITE® SPF insulation
- Neopor® insulating sheathing
- plywood or OSB
Administrative information
Use of Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC) assessments
This assessment must be read in the context of the entire CCMC Registry of Product Assessments, any applicable building code or by-law requirements, and/or any other regulatory requirements (for example, the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, etc.).
It is the responsibility of the user to confirm that the assessment they are using is current and has not been withdrawn or superseded by a later version on the CCMC Registry of Product Assessments.
Disclaimer
The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) has evaluated only the characteristics of the specific product described herein. The information and opinions in this evaluation are directed to those who have the appropriate degree of experience to use and apply its contents (such as authorities having jurisdiction, design professionals and specifiers). This evaluation is valid when the product is used as part of permitted construction, respecting all conditions and limitations stated in the evaluation, and in accordance with applicable building codes and by-laws.
This evaluation is provided without representation, warranty or guarantee of any kind, expressed or implied, and the NRC provides no endorsement for any evaluated product. The NRC accepts no responsibility whatsoever arising in any way from any and all use of or reliance on the information contained herein or the use of any evaluated product. The NRC is not undertaking to render professional or other services on behalf of any person or entity nor to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to another person or entity.
Language
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Copyright
© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the National Research Council of Canada, 2023
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the CCMC.